My Development and Life Span - 2339 Words

[pic] Human development is the process of how people grow and change psychologically over the complete span of the human life; from birth to old age/death. In the past years many theorists have studied human development in five different areas such as physical, cognitive, emotional and social spiritual development. Erik Erikson is one of the most prominent theorists who identified eight stages of human development. One of the stages are identity versus role confusion; which is highlighted in the year of adolescence. Erikson also believed that every human being goes through a certain number of stages to reach his/her full development. Therefore, this essay will examine the five domains in human development namely physical,†¦show more content†¦Attachment is the positive emotional bond that develops between parent and children (Feldman, 2006). In addition, a secure attachment in infancy is crucial since it launches the parent and child relationship in a positive way. This earl y strong family tie also assists a child to explore his/her environment and is able to develop social and emotional skills as well as a sense of trust (Barnes, 1995). Family means a lot to me and I was brought up in a loving, supportive and secure family. My mum stayed at home with me while I was growing up. She never hesitated to show her love for me with lots of hugs and kisses. Therefore, this early strong attachment and family warmth enabled me to establish and maintain a number of close friendships with others. The preschool period is a time of enormous growth and change in the areas of physical, cognitive and social / emotional development. During these years, children continue to integrate previously acquired skills into more complex and dynamic states (Berk, 2007). Like every living thing, I was growing and expanding physically. This physical development was remarkable in this stage due to the fact the brain functions such as neural pathways and activities of frontal lobe developing rapidly (Berk, 2007). Therefore, this normative brain development may have allowed me to improve motor skills such as running, skipping, throwing, kicking, jumping and balancingShow MoreRelatedMy Development and Life Span2332 Words   |  10 Pages[pic] Human development is the process of how people grow and change psychologically over the complete span of the human life; from birth to old age/death. In the past years many theorists have studied human development in five different areas such as physical, cognitive, emotional and social spiritual development. Erik Erikson is one of the most prominent theorists who identified eight stages of human development. One of the stages are identity versus role confusion; which is highlightedRead MoreMy Life Span Development Class1372 Words   |  6 Pagesobserve my younger brother, Nathan, who just turned 15 years old. I observed him while I was at home for spring break for my Life-Span Development class that I am taking at Dordt College. Before I observed my younger brother, I followed the proper procedure of asking for consent from his mother and having her sign a confidentiality statement. I had the pleasure of using my younger adolescent brother for this report and I was able obser ve him while he is in this adolescent stage of development. I completedRead MoreMy Life Span Development Class1108 Words   |  5 PagesOn February 17, 2016, our Life-Span Development class observed the physical, cognitive, and social development of Asher, a 5.5-month-old male. The observation was conducted at Dordt College in room CL2260 and the infant’s parent consented to participate in the live observation. Asher was quite sick and later saw a doctor, so the findings of this report may not entirely represent Asher’s development. Asher was 5 weeks along when his mother, Abby, found out she was pregnant. Asher is the third childRead MoreThe First Stage Of My Life Span Development1169 Words   |  5 PagesPrenatal The first stage of my life span development that I will be discussing is stage one; prenatal. My mother was pregnant at the age of 19 years old therefore did not have much knowledge as she would with her next pregnancy. During the time of her pregnancy she claims that she â€Å"ate whatever she wanted, and gained weight† (personal communication,July 2,2016). Some of these foods included ice cream, fish sticks, French fries on a regular basis. Some of her favorite drinks she loved to drink includedRead MoreMy Life Span Perspective And The Seven Key Assumptions That Make Up Development Essay1491 Words   |  6 Pagesand discussing my journey, the modern life span perspective and the seven key assumptions that make up development. The four key assumptions that are applicable to my development, and why I decided to study the Bachelor of Social Work degree are development is multidirectional, development involves both gains and losses, development is characterised by lifelong pl asticity and development is multiply influenced. My journey so far has contained different seasons and paths that my family and I haveRead MoreLife Span Development : Cognitive, Social, And Physical Development933 Words   |  4 PagesLife span developmental psychology takes a scientific approach to human growth and change, focusing on change during the life span. There are three main aspects to life span development: cognitive, social, and physical development. This class is not simply a discussion of nature vs. nurture, it explores the interaction between genetic and environmental factors that orient us towards specific behaviors. Initially, my views on life span development were limited to more sociological factors, and didRead MoreReflection Of A Group Of Middle Aged Adults Essay1438 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscuss the biological, cognitive and psychological issues this group experiences. It is based on my observations and my interactions during my assignment one and from assignment two, the readings and lectures this research w ill describe the most important issues this life span is facing. These issues are evidence based from interactions, observations, and readings. I have, had interaction with this life span segment and reviewed literature in preparation of this paper. Reflection of this research paperRead MoreEssay on The Life-Span Developmental Approach to Counseling999 Words   |  4 Pages The life-span development approach addresses the basic nature versus nurture debate by allowing for both. Just as our physicals selves are determined by both genetics and lifestyle, so are our emotional selves. As a Licensed Professional Counselor, I plan to consider life-span development to specialize in counseling a specific type of person with hopes of becoming well-versed, and therefore more helpful, in the types of experiences that group faces. â€Å"Personality can be better understood if it isRead MoreEssay on The Life-Span Developmental Approach to Counseling1056 Words   |  5 PagesThe life-span development approach addresses the basic nature versus nurture debate by allowing for both. Just as our physicals selves are determined by both genetics and lifestyle, so are our emotional selves. As a Licensed Professional Counselor, I plan to consider life-span development to specialize in counseling a specific type of person with hopes of becoming well-versed, and therefore more helpful, in the types of experiences that group faces. Personality can be better understood if it isRead MoreLife Span Development1429 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The goal of the life span perspective of development is to understand how and why all different kinds of people, everywhere, and of every age, change over time (Berger, 2011). Developmental psychologists study the constant changes we experience throughout life, including physical, emotional, social, and cognitive development. Psychologists also study how we are affected by, react to, and process the world around us (Stone, 2011). The first aspect of developmental science is to understand

English as Global Language Problems, Dangers, Opportunities by Eva Article

Essays on English as Global Language: Problems, Dangers, Opportunities by Eva Kushner Article The paper "English as Global Language: Problems, Dangers, Opportunities by Eva Kushner" is a worthy example of an article on English.   Eva Kushner is the writer of English as Global Language: Problems, Dangers, Opportunities. She critically analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of the English language. However, the present paper takes her unfavorable drawbacks on the English language. Without further ado, the annotated reaction will begin with significant feedback relative to how the article allows the reader to be open-minded.   Annotated Reaction The paper of Kushner has been complicated to understand, but it clearly signifies its main idea of which language makes one comfortable to express one’s emotions, ideas, knowledge, and feelings (17). Regardless of how Kushner had emphasized the ability of the English language to unify the diverse nationalities of people, she never failed to mean that such language could mean the â€Å"educators and decision-makers† to understand and interpret others' perspectives and sayings with complex results (18). She is good in terms of taking the win-win analysis of emphasizing the dark and good side of using English; however, she has been more definite in terms of clarifying that there is â€Å"survival of linguistic diversity† (Kushner 20). Ergo, her assumptions are relative to what Gonzalez and Tolron assumed that there should be realistic fame on considering that people should not be blind to overuse and forgot their own language (13). The paper of Ku shner on English as Global Language: Problems, Dangers, Opportunities buzzes the people to identify themselves to who really they are by using their own native language that will determine their own nationality and race that they should be proud of. ConclusionKushner is assertive to falsify and question the prominence and globalization of English. Readers could intimately relate to her assumption of how an individual becomes repressive in expressing one’s real emotions and ideas with the English language. Kushner's ideas made the readers swag their own native tongue. Therefore, Kushner will definitely succeed to make the people realized how English could cut-out the spontaneity of one’s true intentional urges.

The Corner and Nighthawks Free Essays

Manuel Espinosa Professor Stefanovic ENC 1102 21 February 2013 NIGHTHAWKS â€Å"Nighthawks† by Samuel Yellen is a poem about three individuals who are troubled with life. These individuals are occupying the same space and they appear to be relatively close from each other, but they arein fact disconnected from one another. The speaker sets a hopeless tone to help the reader analyze and really understand the characters’ feelings. We will write a custom essay sample on The Corner and Nighthawks or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is a poem based on a famouspainting by Edward Hopper that portrays people sitting in a downtown diner late at night. Yellen wants his readersto be able to recognize that caring and affection is the easiest way to a successful and joyful human interaction. The poem’s setting takes place at â€Å"the corner of Empty and Bleak† (1) and the time is the â€Å"night’s most desolated hour† (2). Empty corners and night hours are an infamous mix. Evil deeds are performed at desolate corners during odd hours of the night. In the corner is â€Å"Al’s Coffee Cup or the Hamburger Tower† (3), only cheap and plain shops would stay open till late hours at night and the servers would use language like â€Å"be with you in a jiff† (7). Inside the establishment there are â€Å"three nighthawks seated there† (6). Yellenuses nighthawks because the characters meet at night and hawks are lonely animals which â€Å"in this drama do not speak† (4). Another connotation is to perceive hawks as ferocious and independent creatures or how Yellen better describe them â€Å"patrons of life† (6). One of the nighthawks, â€Å"[t]he single man whose hunched back we see† (9) challenged his fate when he â€Å"put a gun to his head in Russian roulette† (10). Even though he â€Å"won the bet† (11) his body posture indicates he is troubled or pensive. And now he lives his x years’ guarantee† (12). The speaker wants to clarify that the character might off cheated death that time by dying is inevitable. Then, we have â€Å"facing us, the two central characters† (13). They â€Å"[h]ave finished their coffee, and have lit [a] contemplative cigarette† (14-15). These charact ers are meditative; cigarette smoking is associated with worried or stressed individuals. â€Å"His hand lies close, but not touching hers† (16). Now it is understood there is a male and a female character. The speaker points out that they are close but not ouching each other, describing no emotional connection between the characters. A sexual connection is implied when the speaker refers to â€Å"a darkened room† (17) and continues to give explicit details of this encounter â€Å"[m]outh burned mouth, flesh beat ground [o]n a ravaged flesh† (18-19). Yellen wants to show readers the difference between a sexual act and an intimate connection. This couple shared the ultimate bonding experience between two human beings and yet they were not able to connect spiritually but only physically. The speaker gives example of this when he mentions â€Å"[n]o local habitation and no name† (20). The speaker finishes the poem with a sarcastic tone. He implies that everyone that â€Å"peer through that curve of plate glass† (5) should be fortune â€Å"to be none of these! † (21) referring to the nighthawks. He assumes that anybody who compares themselves with these characters, using the â€Å"complacent eye† (22), should be pleased with what they see. With this conclusion Yellen sets himself aside and delivers a powerfully message to the readers. He feels superior to the characters and wants to project that feeling to his readers, not taking in consideration or really understanding the reason the characters are in these situations in the first place. The last stanza â€Å"[o]ur satisfactions satisfy, [o]ur pleasures, our plesures please. † (23-24), makes emphasis on the way the speaker feels and wants the readers to feel about their own accomplishments, but leaving out the way they should feel about their fellow man. The speaker projects itself as a selfish individual who does not care about less fortunate individuals. It is often said that to have a better world we should care for one another. Yellen’s idea of human connection shows the total opposite, he emphasizes on his characters’ faults instead of his qualities. This poem contains many problems that our society faces on a daily basis but unfortunately for the readers, Yellen focused on showing the problem but does not offer a solution. Work Cited McMahan, Elizabeth, Susan X Day, Robert Funk, Linda Coleman. Literature and the Writing Process. Ninth Ed. Boston: Longman. 2011. Print Rafeeq O. McGiveron (1998): Yellen’s Nighthawks, The Explicator, 56:3,148-149 How to cite The Corner and Nighthawks, Papers

Potential Of Bringing Benefits To Nations â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Potential Of Bringing Benefits To Nations? Answer Introduction Missional business can be defined as all activities which combine the overt business activities as well as the intentional objectives of the ministry. It is important to note that business is actually a God given institution and vocation in the society that has the potential of bringing multiple benefits to nations, communities, and people. Business as a mission thus intentionally leverages such an intrinsic power of the business to address the spiritual needs in conjunction with the environmental, economic, and social needs (Campbell Tawadey, 2016). In essence, Business as a Mission seeks to demonstrate what Gods Kingdom is like in the business context through engaging with the world in more pressing environmental, spiritual, economic, and social issues. This essay will seek to discuss the issue of missional business through the assertions of various speakers. According to the first speaker Dr. Rod St Hill, it is ascertained that it is through Gods will that we the human beings are provided with daily bread and butter basing on the 5P model that asserts that business is based on 5 key models namely profit, purpose, planet, people, and production. It is through this manner that God actually answers our daily prayers. The speaker also discussed the issue of wealth creation and ascertained that with God, all things were actually possible. The All Shall Prosper Movement is proof indicating that God wants all the human population to prosper. The two speakers known as Liz D and Lena M who was to deal with Business as a Mission could not divulge their details because of the sensitive cultures that they come from. Another speaker known as PS Rick Brewer discussed about his biography and the issue of serving God and asserted that on the aspect of fear, individuals doing business should either face the fear or even breaks the fear. God helps human beings in achieving their visions and helping them to fulfill what they had decided. The speaker also asserted that it is important for the Christian people to go in under developed places such as Malaysia and give opportunity or chances to individuals who live in rural areas and in forests such as the Muslim people who live in poor places (Austin, 2015). Lastly, the speaker gave an entrepreneurial training to the people and this was quite essential because it will greatly help them in their career development. According to speaker Peter Kaldor, it is ascertained that why what you do is of Tertiary importance. The author asserts that whatever I do with all my work, I will actually be working for the almighty Go and not for men. Another speaker Kalvin Harts ThankYou aspect discussed the issue of Business for charity purposes and explained why most of business starters encountered problems during the first three years of startup. Some of the three major aspects that are quite evident and important in Kalvin Harts ThankYou journey are the charity of work, Leadership, and entrepreneurship. The charity of work is well reflected in the Thankyou movement that has been made possible through the Australians who have made it possible of ensuring that over 15,000 people get access to clean water. It is through the leadership of the movement that the Thankyou campaign was capable of making an impact on the Australian society and also encourages the rest of the people of the society in joining the movement (Ewert, 2006). It is through the YouTube video that viewers can be able to learn how the ThankYou movement was founded by Daniel when he was 19 years old and it is actually through his leadership four years since the start that he has continued to drive the vision of making the movement to become a household name which has eventually changed the lives of millions of people who have been touched through the activities of the movement. Watching the video, I can truly assert that the Thankyou water or the Thankyou campaign is a good example of charity work that has enabled the society that is need of water to easily access it and in return thanked the movement for its gesture. It is quite apparent that the three aspects namely entrepreneurship, leadership, and charity of work have been well covered in the Thankyou water topic. It is also quite evident that business as a mission is not actually a new idea but rather it has always been combined in numerous wasys during the different periods of the church history. Through the leadership of Thankyou water movement, it is quite apparent that there is need for the contemporary church to ensure that there is fully integration of business goals with calls for the entire churchth mission should thus be able to work out in the business through its products as well as services and even through all the business activities that it is indulged in. Based on the video, it is quite apparent that the Thankyou Water actually works like a non-profit organization that works in ensuring that people who are need of clean and safe water are provided with it without necessarily making profits out of it. Based on one of the videos by the speaker, it is quite apparent that an encounter with God makes everything to become transformed thus making the whole life to become changed. This part provides an overview of the missional business conference. For instance, it is quite apparent that the missional business conference will greatly aid me in effectively running the business and even change the manner in which I do business. Another significant and important aspect regarding the importance of the missional business conference is that it has greatly helped me grow spiritually and business wise. This is because it has enabled me to have a better comprehension of how I can run my business based on the missional principles and aspects and ensure that I put everything I do in my business through God. That apart, I can truly assert that it is actually through the Missional business conference that I got an opportunity to listen to different speakers who presented their different views or opinions regarding the issue of missional business which ultimately helped me effectively understand the issue of Missional Business. Through the contents provided by numerous spea kers in the conference, I can truly assert that business as a mission is not only supposed to become sustainable and profitable business but it is also supposed to depict the fact that the Kingdom of God should be intentional and it should aim at having an impact on both people as well as nations (White et al, 2009). Conclusion Based on the suggestions that were brought forward by various speakers in the Missional Business conference, it is quite apparent that missional business should put highly focus on provision of charity work to the people in need. It is actually through their comments that comprehension of missional work has been made easy. It is quite evident that the contents provided by the speakers enabled me to have an enhanced reflection and overview about the missional business. The conference was quite important to me in both the business and spiritual aspects and will thus ensure that I put them into consideration in my future career. The views that were put forth by presentations truly provided me with a great overview of the numerous case study, practical, and theoretical elements about missional business. References Austin, D.A., 2015. DECREED BY HEAVEN: A MODEL FOR TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP IN MONGOLIAN PENTECOSTALISM. In Biennial International Conference on Leadership, Alphacrucis College, Sydney, Australia. Retrieved from https://ac. edu. au/www/upload/documents/2015/July/Decreed_by_Heaven. pdf. Campbell, A. and Tawadey, K., 2016. Mission and business philosophy. Elsevier. Ewert, N., 2006. Gods kingdom purpose for business: Business as integral mission. Business as mission: From impoverished to empowered, pp.65-78. Quddus, M., Bailey III, H. and White, L.R., 2009. Business ethics: perspectives from Judaic, Christian, and Islamic scriptures. Journal of Management, Spirituality and Religion, 6(4), pp.323-334.

The impact of the Internet on our daily life Essay Example For Students

The impact of the Internet on our daily life Essay There is a big influence of technique on our daily life. Electronicdevices, multimedia and computers are things we have to deal with everyday. Especially the Internet is becoming more and more important for nearlyeverybody as it is one of the newest and most forward-looking media andsurely the medium of the future. Therefore we thought that it would be necessary to think about some goodand bad aspects of how this medium influences us, what impacts it has onour social behaviour and what the future will look like. We will write a custom essay on The impact of the Internet on our daily life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Internet changed our life enormously, there is no doubt about that. There are many advantages of the Internet that show you the importance ofthis new medium. What I want to say is that Internet changed our life in apositive way. First we have to make a differentiation concerning the usage. You can usethe Internet at home for personal or you at work for professional usage. Lets come to the first. To spend a part of our day on the Internet is formany people quite normal. They use this kind of medium to get informationabout all kinds topics. Maybe some of them are interested in chatting,probably they are members of a community. Whatever you are looking for, youwill find it. Even if you want to have very specific information, you willfind it in a short time. Normally, you often have to send a letter, thanyou have to wait for the reception of the reply, or you have to make sometelephone calls and so on. In any case, the traditional way is the longerone. To put your own information on the Internet is also possible. Createyour own homepage, tell other users about your interests, what you want,thats no problem at all. As we all know, software costs a lot, if you buy it legal. Free software,free music is available on the Internet. You just have to download theprogram, the mp3-file or whatever and thats it. Why do you want to paymore as you need to? Special websites are created just to give you thenewest programs, or to tell you where you can get it from. Napster mightactually be the most famous one. The computer is a fix part of every modern office and the greatest part hasalso an access to the Internet. Companies already present their products,their services on the Internet and so they get more flexible. The next advantage I want to mention is the faster development. Manyuniversities and research institutions are also linked. They are able toexchange experiences, novelties and often they start new projects together. If they are linked, they can save time and money. Especially at the business sector knowledge is power. If you are the leaderof a product, of a technology or just of an idea you are able to make a lotof money. To get into this position, the Internet can play an essentialpart. Companies all over the world are online. If you want, it is noproblem for you to exchange experiences, you will hear new things, you willsee some facts from another point of view. For this reason you will findnew solutions, new ways to go, so take this chance!Learning by doing, everybody knows this phrase and its still an essentialpart concerning the Internet. Children also use the Internet, most of thetime they will play over the Internet, but they learn to work with thecomputer. There is only one way to learn something, you have to do it. Evenits the first contact with the computer, after a few minutes the personwill know that the computer-mouse is no animal running on the monitor. Heor she learns to write on the keyboard, to navigate, to open and closeprogra ms, to save data within hours. Try to do that on a normal computercourse for beginners, you will need more time and the most important fact,its not as funny as surfing on the Internet and so they participants areless motivated. Lets change over to another positive effect of the Internet. In any case, everybodys private situation is different. For many womentheir own children are the main reason for staying at home. Nowadays thiswont be a problem any more, you can do work on your computer at home,called tele-working. Also men take this opportunity to work at home. Whatare the consequences, the advantages of tele-working? Sure, if you have afamily, you can spend more time at home, probably you can spend more timewith your children. Next is, that you can organize every day in the way youwant to. Meetings at the company are reduced to a minimum. Tele-working isalso an advantage for the owner of the company.Officialstudiessubstantiate that people who work at home are more motivated than theircolleagues at the office. . You see, the Internet is really a very positive medium. Use the Internetand discover the advantages of this new, forward-looking medium! Markus TemmelAnother advantage of the internet is that you can join a community. You can create new social contacts all over the world, which you could notdo so easy without the internet. Such communities can also help people who can not go out to find friends inthe real life because they are disabled. Therefore they can chat with otherpeople via the internet. Sometimes it is also easier for people, who areafraid to look into the others face while talking, to chat with a personthat they do not know. There is something between them which makes iteasier for them to communicate. It also does not matter if you have aterrible appearance because you can pretend to be whatever you want. Youcan also change your gender and your age to talk about topics which you donot normally do. However, there are no time and place limitations and there are noboundaries, both geographical and political. You can chat with people inAustralia and you have freedom of your mind in a way. Moreover the internet is much cheaper than the real life, e.g. phoning afriend in Australia costs more than to chat with him. From my point of view the e-mail has replaced the traditional letter. Youdo not have to buy stamps anymore and it is much faster and also for free. You can also add files to your E-mail and thats why a big data transfer ispossible. Therefore you do not have to send disks with information aroundthe world anymore and you have your information in a digital way. Another free service of the internet is sending SMS. You can save a lot ofmoney if you do not send it with your mobile phone especially from Austriato America. You also have the opportunity to register as a user. Then youcan use more things, e.g. sending E-postcards, I-messages (messages betweenregistered users), and lead an address book. You can also place your digital photos in the internet. With a password anda login name your friends in America can look at your photos withoutsending them to them. Another important part is online gaming. You can play with people from allover the world and share your knowledge. In my opinion its more exiting toplay with friends than playing alone. Additionally, another big advantage of the internet is the easy access toinformation. Online reference books and dictionaries replace the way to thebookshop or to the library. It is again cheaper to search for informationin the internet than to buy a book, that is old after one year. In theinternet a lot of information is renewed and up to date. You can also findinformation which is very new and a book does not exist yet. Moreover you can read the daily newspapers from all over the world,sometimes for free. You do not have to buy them anymore. In addition, mostnewspaper sites have an archive in which you can search for old articles. .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719 , .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719 .postImageUrl , .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719 , .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719:hover , .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719:visited , .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719:active { border:0!important; } .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719:active , .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719 .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uadb54722961fe0d2831b024ce706b719:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drunk Driving1 EssayHowever, the internet is also a big advertising company. A lot ofenterprises have a homepage with ads and support opportunities. On some ofthem you can order products online. Then you do not have to go to the cityanymore. You avoid waiting in front of the cash because of a long queue. Moreover, you can get the newest stock exchange courses because the stockexchange in the Internet is always the most current one. You also have theability to tell the computer to buy shares when the course is down. Besides you can learn with the internet. CBTs (Computer Based Training)already exist but you can also join an internet course with other members. Furthermore you can hold videoconferences which means that e.g. yourteacher is sitting in his office in America and teaching you in Austria. This is very important in the medical sector because doctors from all overthe world can join an operation. So specialists can give tips and helpother doctors to complete the operation successfully. The patient has notto wait until a specialist will come from America. But this is only available because of the internet 2 which is much faster. The internet is a database full of information and offers us a lot ofservices, sometimes for free. This makes our life easier and sometimes alsocheaper. All in all I think that the internet is very useful especially forstudents. Martina TheuermannClicking on the Internet-Button is getting more and morethrillingnowadays. Sometimes it is a real adventure not being sure if you havedownloaded a virus or if it is only a hoax. You even cannot be sure to bealone if you are alone. Is there someone else working on my computer or isit only me? To have more security you have to install a firewall, buy anti-virus-programmes and update them regularly. So you have to spend much moneyonly for preventing a virus-caused breakdown or hacker-attacks. It isannoying not being sure if the money you have spent will prevent all thosethings or if there is already a new virus and a new way hacking intocomputers. This is no more an investment into security it is a steadyconsumption which will not end. Some people even have to take up a loan tobuy a computer. They are forced to buy one. Otherwise they maybe would notbe able to stay in their job. What will the poor people do? They will berarely informed about news and the space between rich and poor will becomebigger and bigger. Having downloaded the latest anti-virus-program it will not prevent meetingbad people on the internet. If you chat with someone you cannot be sureabout the truth of his/her words. Most people cheat emotions, cheat abouttheir appearance, age, job. That can be funny but if you want to meetsomeone talking to each other seriously it can be hard to do so. Is it aman, is it a woman or is it someone I already know? You never can be sure. Is that something on the other side already hacking into my computerreading personal information? If you get to a web site of a bank is it areal bank or only a faked one? There have to be some signs which identifyan original website reliably. How can I be sure if I want to buy somethingon the web and send my credit card-number that nobody will read it?Imagine the following scene: You are surfing through the internet andsuddenly you are just downloading the latest screensaver of VeronaFeldbusch the whole internet breaks down. What would you do? Trying tobuild your own internet? Worrying about the lack of Verona? Sitting infront of the computer waiting for hours and looking into a black screen?Seriously, what would happen? I think most of the people would wait an houror longer. Some people would stop existing because they have no real life. They only exist on the internet with their avatars in the chat rooms. Theyhave given up reality for cyberspace. It is more practical for them becausethey do not need to ask someone to meet someone. The other one is just onthe other end. Seriously speaking, I think people would not be glad abouthaving to get out of their rooms. They feel uncomfortable about leavingtheir beloved computer. They do not know what to do. I think many even donot know any more how a book looks like or a typewriter. Besides losing oursocial abilities we are also losing our every-day-abilities. The computeris a nanny, a dictionary, an information centre, a job, a shopping centre. Nobody has to know anything about everyday business because the computerdoes it for us. Internet user are becoming younger and younger. For children it is noproblem to work with a computer. They just accept him as partner. Butwhat do the older people do? Some even do not know how to switch thecomputer on. I know some people who are afraid of the computer. They thinkeverything they do is wrong and the computer is breaking down on purpose. For these people the computer is already too complex. There has to besomething like a computer for beginners. Otherwise there will always besome people who do not want to know how to use the computer because thereis too much to know about it. There are people who do not read the paper in the morning any more. Theyare reading the e-paper. Even in the morning they are sitting in front ofthe computer and not talking to each other while drinking a cup of tea. Inthe future there will be more and more e-papers and the newspapers willdisappear. Some are beginning to talk to their computer (Come on, letswork!) but they are not any more able to talk to each other. While chattingin the internet you are frequently using abbreviations,uncompletedsentences and so on. This leads to speaking disabilities in everyday life. Eva UkowitzOne of the most negative aspects of the impact of the internet on our dailylife is, in my opinion, that it alters the social behaviour, habits andabilities of people. Especially children are often badly influenced by the internet. Therefore I want to deal with the impact of the internet on the socialbehaviour of children. In our times, when nearly every household has a computer and access to theinternet, it is only clear that also children deal with computers and theinternet. They should learn how to use it, of course. The world of the world wide web and virtual space is going to become moreimportant with every year and everybody should be able to use this tool even children. They should know how to get information, how they can buy something on theweb, where they can meet people online. They should be able to use the internet because if they are not, they aregoing to have great difficulties with getting on in their lives withoutknowing how to use the internet later on. Simply because it is a verypowerful media which is going to be the main medium in the future. But what I am worrying about is that children will be very competentexperts on using the internet but not on how to live in the real worldanymore. The first point I want to mention is that I dont consider the internet asa suitable babysitter or friend for children. As I have already said, I think that it is important that children learnhow to use the internet but it is also very important that they learn tohave the right attitude towards the internet. The internet will never replace the real world and therefore it isimportant that children see that the internet is a great tool if you knowhow to handle it but it should not be a replacement for real friends, for areal life. Its the parents duty to tell their children so. Parents should not just put their children in front of a computer and sayOh well, thats the internet, go on, have some fun and be quiet. Theinternet was not made for children and so it should not be used as ababysitter. .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225 , .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225 .postImageUrl , .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225 , .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225:hover , .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225:visited , .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225:active { border:0!important; } .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225:active , .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225 .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u30184d1d7a4a2b8a4f7e1546aa56b225:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: What Is History EssayYou can never be sure what the child will get to see when it is onlinewithout an adult sitting next to it. There is so much harmful, offendingand simply disgusting material on the internet, that it is in my opinion totally careless when you let your children surf through the net all bythemselves. By reading the emails from the discussion group I often heard that if youteach your children the basics of ethic and just tell them not to look atharmful material then they can go online and surf through the net alone. Im not of the same opinion. Children are children and they are not adults. If you tell them not to look at for example pornographic sites, you cannever be sure that they will not. Children are nosy ones at least most ofthem are and most children will go and have a look at pornographicmaterials on the internet. The only way to provide that children do not seeharmful things on the internet is to sit next to them and supervise them. I have a little brother, aged seven and when he wants to go online, then hehas to ask my parents or me to come with him and sit next to him while hessurfing. Surely, it doesnt mean fun when you have to sit next to him andlisten to the Teletubbies talking or see Mickey Mouse bowling but I am farmore interested in hearing and seeing these things than in not being surewhat he would see if I was not sitting next to him. Thats the one point why the internet should not be used as a babysitter. The other point is that it is in my opinion not good for the childrento sit in front of the computer all day. Children need friends and they need to play with friends to learn how tobehave and how to interact with others. Human beings are not born with any social abilities we have to learn allof these stuff. And if children sit in front of the computer and dont play with otherchildren when and where should they learn how to behave?Another question is whether the internet is a useful medium to educatechildren or not. Well, in my opinion it is not. Even for adults it is often a problem to say whether an information isright or wrong on the internet. So when adults are not able to be sureabout it how should children be?The risk to learn wrong things from the internet is very big and so theinternet should not be used to educate the child right from the beginningon. But: You should try to tell your children how they can distinguish betweengood and bad information. (Be critically, try to figure out who haswritten the information, when was the last update, and so on.) Later on,they will have to get information for the internet and then they should beable to use it, of course. But in my opinion theres no sense to teach them the basics with the helpof the internet before they have learnt how to distinguish between good andbad information they are simply too young to be sure about that. Tanja VogrinIt is very difficult to differ between the good and bad aspects ofinternet. There are good and bad things about every service of theinternet. If you chat you can meet many interesting people which come from all overthe world. Distance is not important any more. You can meet people whichare not able to find friends in reality because of their appearance. Incyberspace there is no appearance the character of a person counts. Butyou also can meet people, who cheat on you and fool you. That can be funny,but it is not if you want to meet real, devine friends. Sometimes, if youmeet your online friends it can be very thrilling. You make your ownpicture of your chat-partner in your mind. And what about your friends inreality? There will be less time left for them, if you sit in front of thePC all the day. But there is also the possibility to make your real friendsyour online-friends. Searching for information you will find a huge amount of it on every topicyou are searching for. This can be very comfortable. You only have to typein a word and you will find everything about it. But be careful! There isalso false information. Sometimes it is hard to distinguish between trueand false information. Often you have the possibility to listen to music on the internet. You mayalso download it for free. That is very cheap because you only have to paythe telephone-costs and the music is for free. What does that mean for themusicians? They will not get all their money they would normally receive. That is not too dangerous for the well-known musicians but it can becomedangerous to the little ones who cannot afford to lose a part of theirincome. What about communicating with an online-friend? You will send him/her anemail. It is faster than a letter, cheaper than a telephone call and easierto use than a radio set. But: Is the encryption-code secure enough? Manyhackers will try to read the message you send to your friends. This leadsto the next problem of the internet: How can you provide privacy in a non-private world? Everybody wants to know everything about everyone. How canyou say: This is my private zone, nobody can get into it. A few minuteslater someone will try to get into the privacy-zone. Why? Everyone thinksthere must be something very interesting and secret inside this zone. Nothing is more interesting than a forbidden place. There is some specialanonymity about the internet. You may tell anything about yourself andeveryone will believe you if nobody checks the information. You also mayswap your gender and nobody will recognise it. What will happen, if you are ill and cannot leave the house? No problem!You can do everything on the internet without leaving the house. You can dothe shopping, meet friends and so on. The only problem is the way ofpaying. It is very easy, you only have to type in your credit card-numberand the goods will be paid. But some transmission techniques are not verysafe and so someone could read your credit card-number and use it to buythings himself. You always have to inform yourself about the transmission-techniques to be sure about security. Otherwise you may pay for beinguninformed later on. This leads to the costs of the internet. The only good about it is that thesurf-cost are low (depending on the provider). But anything else is verycost-intensive. You have to buy anti-virus-programmes, software, computer, And that is not enough! Internet is developing very fast for this youhave to update the programmes regularly. You will also not abandon theoption to get a faster computer. Which are the points we have agreed on?Information is difficult to divide into true and false. It is too muchinformation to be able to view on everything. It is a strong positive argument that internet does not care about time ordistance. Everyone can be online every time and communicate with everyoneeverywhere. Though you have the possibility to meet many people on the internetfrequent use of this will cause loneliness because you wont have realfriends anymore. It is very difficult to give children access to the internet. There aremany things which are not suitable for children. Either you sit next tothem during surfing or you believe in the internet that it will not showharmful things and in the children that they will not try to find harmfulthings.

Black Students’ Sit-In Protests in Public Spaces Examples from the 30s -40s essay

Black Students’ Sits from the 30s -40s essay Black Students’ Sits from the 30s -40s essay Black Students’ Sits from the 30s -40s essayBlack students’ sit-ins have direct relation to the beginnings of the so-called student-phase of Civil Rights Movement after February 1960. Taking into consideration the presented materials, it is possible to explore the role of student activism in achieving the established goals, namely establishing the civil rights, which prohibit racial discrimination. The sit-in tactic used before 1960 is relative to the famous Greensboro event. Such tactic was aimed at challenging the rules, established by white people. Public demonstrations organized by black people became the following stage of the struggle for the civil rights.My thoughts as I read about these events are based on historical evidence. The following sit-ins and strikes: Alexandria Sit-In of 1939, NAACP sponsored sit-ins by Howard University Students in Washington, D.C., as well as Morgan State Sit Down strike of 1959, reflected the role of student activism in the civil r ights movement. The sit-ins evoked support of the black community and promoted national unity in the struggle for social justice and racial equality (Brown 274).I believe that black students’ sit-in protests in public spaces played a significant role in the development of the civil rights movement. As discrimination and segregation acts were prevalent in many places across the United States, the civil rights movement contributed to the changing attitudes of black students through these protests. 1939 Library Sit-In was one of the protests against racial segregation.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, the increased incidence of protests resulted in the government’s decision to pass two acts: the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Due to the adoption of the Civil Rights Act, segregation in public places and schools was prohibited. Due to the Voting Rights Act, black people were allowed to vote in elections.

Factors that Affect Job Performance Research Paper

Factors that Affect Job Performance - Research Paper Example Factors affecting employee performance include internal factors and can easily be controlled by the management, while the external factors happen outside the organization but affect the organization in one way or another. Exemplary performance by employees is attributed to positive factors that include conducive work environment, effective and efficient skills, proper management team and encouragement among others. In every organization, there exists positive and negative factor, both of which contribute to performance of employees. Positive factors can be maintained within the organization and improved, whereas the management can eradicate negative factors. II. Managerial Standards In an organization, the management team is charged with the responsibility of ensuring proper allocation of resources and tasks to achieve goals and objectives of the organization (Spector, 2008). The managerial team within the organization controls particular sections or departments within the organizati on. As the head of a department or a section, the manager implements short term objectives and strategies to help him or her achieve overall goals of the organization. While executing these functions, they encounter various barriers along the way. The quality of managerial standards is defined by the ability of the management team to overcome these challenges while at the same time ensuring conducive work environment to employees (p. 115). The quality of management influences job performance either positively or negatively depending on various factors. For instance duties assigned to employees on the basis of their skills and knowledge leads to positive results, hence good performance. On the contrary, managers may assign jobs to employees regardless of their academic qualification and too many and high expectations (p. 115). Assigning tasks to employees not in line with their academic qualifications, skills and experience leads to stress leading to poor performance. Too many and hi gh expectations tend to cause panic and stress among employees, hence poor performance. This not only serves as frustration to the management but also demoralizes employees, hence further decline in the performance of the overall organization (p. 116). III. Motivation Motivation depicts measures that the organization can implement to improve employees’ morale in performing their duties. There exists various forms of motivation that when implemented by the management, can help boost and improve job performance. Motivated employees feel part of the organization as their contribution is counted as a significant portion towards the organization’s success. In organization where employees are not given any form of motivation, there are delays in all departments among other fouls resulting to poor job performance. These employees feel excluded and undervalued as there are no incentives given for them to work hard (p. 114). IV. Conducive Environment A favorable work environmen t entails provision of suitable conditions within the organization. The management should work towards provision of acceptable working conditions that allow employees carry out their duties effectively (p. 118). For instance, each job should be allocated to enough time and employees provided with the right king of equipment to help them accomplish various tasks assigned. The management should take correctional measures to provide employees with an environment that is free from

UNREACHED PEOPLE GROUP PROJECT ABSTRACT Assignment

UNREACHED PEOPLE GROUP PROJECT ABSTRACT - Assignment Example The modern lifestyles characterized with minimal physical social interaction are largely to blame for the lack of information on such evident topics in the public domain. This research therefore seeks to legitimize this claim by studying the missionary work in Arab countries by Brazilian missionaries. A missionary act, just like evangelism, is a means of spreading the gospel to regions considered unreachable by Christian adherents. The Arab world is largely Islamic which implies that such people have adequate knowledge on religion and arguably Christianity. However, the two have different cultures which may be a hindrance to changing their mentality into concurring with the teachings of Christianity thus influencing their refusal to change their religions. Hospitality is a virtue of religions espoused upon by Jesus Christ and enshrined in the holy books of the religion. The differing cultures of the Arabs and the Brazilian missionaries may arguably have an influence on their understanding of hospitality, which infers that the Arabic understanding if hospitality especially in relation to people ascribing to other faiths may impact their receipt of such sensational and radical information concerning a new faith. The research therefore seeks to establish the role that culture plays in understanding hospitality and how the two influences the spread of the

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 25

Case study - Essay Example Based on sales, each identified product or service is defined by its purchasers. Since there diverse and ever changing nature of products available in the market, the corporation makes supplies to different consumers specifically identified by the purchases made. Across demarcated market regions, some products will sell more than others, although the entire customer base is constituted by all market segments. The second variable is that of broadcasting. The corporation understands that not every market segment requires broadcasting products or services, and as such different customers view broadcasting from various perspectives, thereby constituting variant tastes and preferences. In this regard, Meredith evaluates its broadcasting options prior to the needs of different customers. The third variable relates to regional and social diversity. Different physical regions and social differences create the need for identifiable markets to these factors. In all the three variables, data mining techniques are highly employed to aid the segmentation process (Havaldar, 2010). The target marketing strategy employed by the Meredith Corporation is direct marketing. This involves addressing specific customer needs as they arise. The corporation embraced customer diversity and dynamism in its business. This makes it prioritize its customers’ needs, tastes and preferences. Customers interact directly with the corporation through the corporation’s websites. Through the same websites, their expectations on product development and improvement are collected and used for customer satisfaction purposes. Meredith has developed variety of products for the diverse customer base and market share that it enjoys. Building strong relationships with the right customer guarantees any business enterprise that its operations and performance over rivals are competent enough (Havaldar, 2010). For Meredith

Literature Review On Leadership Effectiveness Management Essay

Literature Review On Leadership Effectiveness Management Essay In the previous chapter it was discussed the purpose and reason for this investigative study on leadership effectiveness and its possible mediating affects on subordinate job satisfaction. The chapter will critically review the literature characterised the ideas and topics surrounding: This chapter will seek to critically review the literature surrounding: General concepts and models that have been developed discussed on leadership, competences and job satisfaction Influence of competences on the style of leadership Influence of leadership style on subordinate job satisfaction By reviewing existing literature will aid in highlighting, indentifying and discussing factors of a critical nature thus allowing sound understanding when taking the influences of competences on leadership style and its ripples on subordinate job satisfaction, if any. The contents of this literature review will dispense: A definition and explanation of leadership through the use of academic principles, conceptualization and models where suited. Complimented with competences profiling and subordinate job satisfaction when introduced. The critical evaluation will look at key authors and their insights in the areas of leadership styles and competences. To observe areas which have been the focal points of interest based on the topics being acknowledged, research will be made on leadership style and impact on subordinate job satisfaction. Based on what has been revealed whilst reviewing literature will allowed what has been learnt and to pin any hypostasis by what has been viewed. (Please note that some of these paths may and may not follow suit to allow for consistency) Leadership The concept of leadership has had multi attempts to define and evolve what leadership is more often or not proving to be an enigma for theorists and practitioners. These attempts have grown from fields such as management, psychology, ideology, anthropology and sociology. With so much attention Burns (1978) described the matter by stating that leadership is one of the most observed and least understood phenomena on earth (p. 2). Having been numerous attempts in defining the meaning for the term leadership, this has resulted in taking many interpretations. Stogdill (1974, citied in Northouse, 2007, Pg 2) pointed out in a review of leadership research, there are almost as many different definitions of leadership as there are people who have tried to define it. In Stogdills Handbook of Leadership that was revised and expanded by Bass in (1981) highlighted different definitions and conceptions of leadership had previously been reviewed briefly by Morris and Seeman (1950), Shartle (1951a,b , 1956), L.F. Carter (1953), C. A. Gibb (1954, 1969a), and B. M Bass (1960). This is only a small numerical amount compared to Crainer (1995 cited in Mullins 2007, pg363) that it is claimed there are over 400 definitions of leadership and it is a veritable minefield of misunderstanding and difference though which theorists and practitioners must tread warily. At best of times theoretical perspectives define the concepts being views as a trait, behavioural style, the manipulation of individuals and groups derived through interaction, influence to gain followers and the situation in which its attended. The constant upheaval of leadership suggests that many investigators see leadership as a key structural beam for organisational effectiveness and its influences on the performance; OEs arent just segmented to monetary turnover but a measure of a dependant variable that is employee job satisfaction (Robbins, 2003). Traits Theory of Leadership From the 1930s the trait theory of leadership have been under Jerry et al (1984) , Wexley et al (1984), Smelser et al (2002) Moran et al (2007) Behavioral Theories of Leadership Michigan Ohio Situational Theories of Leadership The theory of situation leadership primary principle distinguishing leadership effectiveness in an particular situation and also what leadership style is most suited to be active in that situation. Most, if not all situational theory hinges on that the style of leadership obtained by a manager should acknowledge sets of circumstances: Management elements such as competencies, personalities and drive Employee elements such as needs derived from personalities, drive and skills Group effectiveness such as task, structure and development Organisational procedures such as standards, rules, power and timing The idea of situational leadership have recognisable and influential models that circulate around this phenomenon, these are indentified as: Fiedlers Model Contingency Houses Model of Path-Goal Fiedlers Contingency Model Fieldler (1967) based his theory on explaining that two variables that have a direct impact the performance of a group. These two variables are widely known as style of leadership and situational favourability. Fiedler (1967) asserted that the most profound leadership trait and situational favourability is distinguished by their similarity that causes the effectiveness of a leader. When leadership trait is said; it is the personality that causes relationship-oriented or task-oriented leader. Fielders contingency theory has come under criticism like most theorists do. The criticism came from the likes of Ashour (1973) Vecchio, (1977) (1983) which suggest the method of measuring the variables and the empirical research conducted were insufficient in allowing for the theory to have any validly. Such an observation is farcical simply because Fiedler has spent years tuning and perfecting his well established and used theory. Houses Path-Goal Model House (1971) based his theory from Vrooms expectancy theory. House (1971) suggests in order for a leader to motivate its subordinates by a way of two means firstly to recognise between individual subordinate needs and an organisations goal(s) by understanding the relationship between the two factors and secondly the leader must state and ease the chosen course not only for the organisational goal(s) but as well as fulfilling their own individual needs. Houses path-goal theory is very much influenced on situational characteristics. Thus allowing its ability to predict the effects it has on behavioural structuring. House also suggests the expectancies and motivations in subordinates are created through the behaviour of the leader this in turn would create job satisfaction by subordinates recognising their capabilities and the weight they perceive their job would get results. Drenth et al (1998) raised a number of criticisms regarding the path-goal theory they asserted that Houses theory doesnt cultivate the collective members as a whole based on behaviour and performance. Secondly they highlight the relationship between leadership behaviours and the group may be heavily influenced by environmental interactions. Lastly it is suggested that when empirical studies are conducted using the path-goal theory most enthusiasts use standardised leadership styles to measure the variable of effectiveness. Morden Management LEADERSHIP COMPETENCIES AND SKILLS JOB SATISFACTION Fulfilment Theory Discrepancy Theory Equity Theory Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory Focal Theoretical Research Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper Row. Robbins, S.P, (2003). Organisational Behaviour. 10th Ed. Pearson Education, New Jersey Jerry, L., Gray, A., Starke, F. (1984). Organizational behaviour: Concepts and applications. New York: A Bell and Howell Co. Inc. Wexley, K, N., Yukl, G. A., (1984). Organizational behaviour and personnel psychology. US: Richard D Irwin Smelser, N, J., Baltes, P, B., (2002) International encyclopedia of the social behavioral sciences. Oxford: Elsevier Inc Moran, R. T., Harris, P,R.,, Moran, S. V., (2007) Managing cultural differences: global leadership strategies for the 21st century 7th ed. Oxford: Elsevier Mullins, Laurie J. (2007) Management and organisational behaviour / Laurie J. Mullins . 8th ed. . Harlow : Financial Times Prentice Hall Northouse, P, G., (2007) Leadership Theory and Practice 4th ed. United Kingdom: Sage Publications. Bass, B, M., (1981) Stogdills Handbook of Leadership Revised and expanded Edition. New York: The Free Press Gordon, J. R. (1987). A diagnostic approach to organizational behavior. New York: Allyn and Boston Fiedler, F. E. (1967) A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness, New York: McGraw-Hill. Vecchio, R. P. (1977) An Empirical Examination of the Validity of Fiedlers Model of Leadership Effectiveness, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 19: 180-206. Vecchio, Robert P (1983) Assessing the Validity of Fiedlers Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness: A Closer look at Strube and Garcia, Psychological Bulletin 93: 404-8 Ashour, A. S. (1973) The Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness: An Evaluation, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 9(3): 339-55. Lawler, E. E., III (1973). Motivation in work organizations. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company: Monterrey, CA. Locke, E. A. (1969). What is job satisfaction? Organizational behavior and human performance. In E. E. Lawler (1973). Motivation in work organizations. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company: Monterrey, CA. House, R, J., A Path-Goal Theory of Leadership Effectiveness, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. XVI(1971), 321-38 Drenth, D J P., Thierry, H., De Wolff, J, C., 1998 A Handbook Of Work And: Organizational Psychology united kingdom Psychology Press Ltd

Albinism :: essays research papers

Albinism The word "albinism" refers to a group of inherited conditions. People with albinism have little or no pigment in their eyes, skin, or hair. They have inherited genes that do not make the usual amounts of a pigment called melanin. One person in 17,000 has some type of albinism. Albinism affects people from all races. Most children with albinism are born to parents who have normal hair and eye color for their ethnic backgrounds. Albinism is found on the eleventh chromosome, section q, loci 14-21. Oculocutaneous albinism involves the eyes, hair, and skin. Ocular albinism involves primarily the eye. People with ocular albinism may have slight lightening of hair and skin colors as well, compared to other family members. At present researchers have found 10 different types of oculocutaneous albinism, and five types of ocular albinism. Newer laboratory research studying DNA has shown that there are numerous types of changes in the genes of those with albinism, including within families. The most common types of oculocutaneous albinism are called "ty-negative" and "ty-positive". Persons with ty-negative albinism have no melanin pigmentation, and more difficulty with vision. Those with ty-positive albinism have very slight pigmentation, and generally less severe visual difficulties. Tests were done on the hair roots of individuals with albinism, to tell these types of albinism apart. However, these hair tests cannot identify types of albinism, particularly in young children, whose pigment systems are immature. Therefore hair tests are not helpful in predicting the extent of visual disability of a child. "Ty-Neg" (also called Type 1A) albinism results from a genetic defect in an enzyme called tyrosinase. Tyrosinase helps the body to change the amino acid tyrosine into pigment. The genetic defect that causes albinism in other types of albinism is unknown, but it is speculated that it involves other enzymes used to make pigment. Albinism is passed from parents to their children through genes. For nearly all types of albinism both parents must carry an albinism gene to have a child with albinism. Parents may have normal pigmentation but still carry the gene. When both parents carry the gene, and neither parent has albinism, there is a one in four chance at each pregnancy that the baby will be born with albinism. This type of inheritance is called autosomal recessive inheritance. If a parent has a child with albinism, it means the parent must carry the albinism gene. Until recently, unless a person has albinism or has a child with albinism, there was no way of knowing whether he or she carries the gene

Learning and behavior

1. Define classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Identify the basic procedures of both types of conditioning. Identify and discuss the similarities and differences between the two types.  Traditionally, theories of conditioning have come to mean that learning takes place when two or more events are associated because they occur together. Scientific references to classical conditioning are commonly associated with Ivan P. Pavlov (1849-1936) as he was the first person to discuss issues related to classical conditioning with others in the scientific community.   Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which two stimulus events are associated.   Typically, a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) that naturally produces an unconditioned response (UR).   The result is that the conditioned stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a new response (the conditioned response, or CR) that is similar in form to the unconditioned response. On the other hand, Skinner (1953) developed the method of conditioning through what has been termed operant or instrumental conditioning. Skinner’s version of instrumental conditioning, called operant conditioning, is a technologically based model that has generated a great deal of research.  Ã‚   Operant conditioning involves voluntary behavior emitted by the learner which may be reinforced by its consequence.   In operant conditioning, whether a response occurs in the future depends upon the nature of the contingency.   If a response makes life better for the individual, it will likely occur in the future.   If it makes life worse, it will likely not occur again in the future.   Thus, operant conditioning makes use of reinforcements. The basic theory of both conditioning is behaviorism, which was formulated by the American behaviorists John B. Watson.   This theory has been described as an evolutionary, psychological doctrine developed to support the evolutionistic theories of knowledge.   It holds that all man’s behavior, mental states and processes have a purely physiological origin and function consisting of neurological, glandular, and other bodily responses to sensory stimuli; and that under proper stimulation can be appropriately conditioned to produce any desired response. Both classical and operant conditionings involve acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination.  Ã‚   Yet their difference is straightforward: Classical conditioning involves respondent behavior- reflexive behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.   Operant conditioning on the other hand, involves voluntary (nonreflexive) action, called operant behavior because the act operates on the environment to produce rewarding or pushing stimuli. 2. Identify two real-life experiences in which learning principles can apply. Discuss each experience and the principles of learning that are applicable. Be sure to fully explain each of the learning concepts that apply to these two experiences. Identify ways in which learning in the two experiences can be inhibited and improved. Pavlov’s principles of classical conditioning apply to human health and well-being.   For example, former crack cocaine apply often feel a craving when they again encounter cues (people, places) associated with previous highs.   Thus, drug addicts are advised to steer clear of settings associated with the euphorbia of previous drug use.   Classical conditioning even works upon the body’s disease-fighting system.   When, say, a particular taste accompanies a drug that influences immune responses, the taste by itself may come to produce an immune response. Everyday applications of operant conditioning are the experiments comparing computer-assisted instruction (CAI) to traditional classroom instruction suggest that, for some drill and practice tasks, the computer can indeed be more effective.  Ã‚   According to Skinner, â€Å"Good instruction demands two things,† he said.   â€Å"Students must be told immediately whether what they do is right or wrong and, when right, they must be directed to the step to be taken.† References Bolles R. C. (1989). Learning theory (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Bower G. H., & Hilgard E. R. (1981). Theories of learning (5th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Domjan M. (1998). The principles of learning and behavior (4th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Free Essays on The Client

The Client AUTHOR: John Grisham. OTHER INFORMATION: The book was first published by Century in the United Kingdom in 1993. The story is told by an omniscient narrator who shifts in the point of view. The story contains fory-two chapters. TYPE: novel SUBJECT: The story takes place in Memphis and tells about an eleven-year-old boy, Mark Sway, whom a secret is told where the corp of a US senator is hidden. Together with his lawyer, Reggie Love, they fight against the FBI, because they want to know the location of the murdered senator, at whatever cost of Mark and his family. SYNOPSIS: One day, Mark goes with his brother Ricky into the forest. While the boys are smoking, they see a man who wants to commit suicide. Mark wants to help the man and removes the hose from the exhaust. The man, who is a lawyer of a mafia boss, catches Mark and tells him, where the corp of a killed US senator is hidden. Mark is able to escape before the man kills himself. After that the boys run home and call the police. Mark is asked a lot of questions whether he knows the location of the body of the murdered senator. Mark can ´t stand the fact that everybody asks him questions and so he decides to hire a lawyer. Her name is Reggie Love, a woman who first of all does not take him seriously, but when Mark tells her his story, she agrees to take his case. Together, Mark and Reggie try to "fight" against the FBI and the state. The FBI agents think that Mark keeps very important informations because he does not tell the FBI even not the judge where the location of the corp is. After a long time the FBI understands Mark`s fear and so they offer the Sway-family to take part in the witness - protection - program. But Mark is still afraid because a mafia boss, Barry Muldanno, wants to kill him. Then Mark tells Reggie where the corp is hidden and so they go there to dig for it. They find the body and with a trick they, can get rid of the mafia, who ... Free Essays on The Client Free Essays on The Client The Client AUTHOR: John Grisham. OTHER INFORMATION: The book was first published by Century in the United Kingdom in 1993. The story is told by an omniscient narrator who shifts in the point of view. The story contains fory-two chapters. TYPE: novel SUBJECT: The story takes place in Memphis and tells about an eleven-year-old boy, Mark Sway, whom a secret is told where the corp of a US senator is hidden. Together with his lawyer, Reggie Love, they fight against the FBI, because they want to know the location of the murdered senator, at whatever cost of Mark and his family. SYNOPSIS: One day, Mark goes with his brother Ricky into the forest. While the boys are smoking, they see a man who wants to commit suicide. Mark wants to help the man and removes the hose from the exhaust. The man, who is a lawyer of a mafia boss, catches Mark and tells him, where the corp of a killed US senator is hidden. Mark is able to escape before the man kills himself. After that the boys run home and call the police. Mark is asked a lot of questions whether he knows the location of the body of the murdered senator. Mark can ´t stand the fact that everybody asks him questions and so he decides to hire a lawyer. Her name is Reggie Love, a woman who first of all does not take him seriously, but when Mark tells her his story, she agrees to take his case. Together, Mark and Reggie try to "fight" against the FBI and the state. The FBI agents think that Mark keeps very important informations because he does not tell the FBI even not the judge where the location of the corp is. After a long time the FBI understands Mark`s fear and so they offer the Sway-family to take part in the witness - protection - program. But Mark is still afraid because a mafia boss, Barry Muldanno, wants to kill him. Then Mark tells Reggie where the corp is hidden and so they go there to dig for it. They find the body and with a trick they, can get rid of the mafia, who ...

Can My Indie Book Be Discovered

Can My Indie Book Be Discovered You have an indie book out there, but youd love to call yourself a traditionally-published author. What does it take for an agent or press to WANT to sign your book.or sign with you? Remember, theres the book, and then theres you. Some authors bring attention to themselves. Some books take off and garner attention all THE BOOK A CATCH 22 Whether or not the agent/publisher wants your indie book is often decided agent/publisher has to determine if it has saturated the market or not. It may have already peaked and reached the readers its targeted for, and the agent/publisher may see theres nothing left in it for them. On the flip side, it may not have done well, which is interpreted as the book isnt made well, isnt written well, or isnt about a good topic. So why would they want it? Theres a small sweet spot in there to make an indie book palatable to the traditional market. There has to be enough spark left in it for the agent to capitalize upon. THE AUTHOR ANOTHER CATCH 22 If your book does well, often the agent/publisher may take a deeper look at the author. How does he market himself? What impact did the author have in the success of the book? What kind of website/blog? How Google-able is he? That type of author can pitch a second book and have great odds of being accepted. But the question is . . . why would he if hes successful as an indie author where the royalties are SO much greater? We have actually reached the point in publishing that you can make as much or more as an indie author as you can as a traditional author. Youll still have to market yourself hard VERY hard. You get no relief traditionally in that department. Your books will be more readily available in libraries and bookstores (though IngramSpark is closing that gap), but in reality, you can often get your books placed in bookstores But if that credibility factor still keeps you awake at night, and you just want that traditional accolade checked off your bucket list, pitch traditional to start with. Be very, very patient at the time it takes to work that system. Or if you arent that patient, work hard as an indie author, knowing that you can pitch subsequent books  later to the traditional world, and your success will often depend  upon the success of your first book youre selling on your own.   Chip MacGregor of MacGregor Literary Agency talks about what it takes for an agent to pick up your indie book. Its honest and very informative. Regardless of the road you take, realize that the professional credibility you seek is completely in your hands. Study the successful in the business, indie or traditional or hybrid of the two, and see what you can do to find success in your world. macgregorliterary.com/blog/ask-agent-transition-self-published-traditionally-published/

Cultural anthropology and the Higaonon Tribe of Mindanao Essay

Cultural anthropology and the Higaonon Tribe of Mindanao - Essay Example Cultural anthropology refers to ‘the study of human society and culture,the sub-field that describes,explains social and cultural similarities and differences’.In order to study and interpret cultural diversity, Keesing highlights that cultural anthropologists must engage in ethnographic activity Ethnography therefore provides an account of a particular community, society and culture, and allows researchers to study local behavior beliefs, customs, social life, economic activities, politics and religion according to Kottak (2009). Introduction and Location of the Higaonon Tribe of Mindanao The Higaonon tribal population currently stands at an estimated 350, 000, and largely reside over five distinct provinces – Bukidnon, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Misamis Oriental and Lanao del Norte. They are traditionally a nomadic tribe, traveling from one mountain to another, looking for fertile soil for a fruitful harvest. The name Higaonon is derived from the words â €˜higa’ meaning   living, the word ‘goan’, which   means mountains and the word ‘onon’ meaning people. The Higaonon tribe has thus become known as ‘people of the living mountains’. Since ‘creation times’ the Higaonon are said to have lived in their forest home, undisturbed, managing the forest in a natural and harmonious way. Higaonon Tribe Dynamics The tribe consists of eight clans centred around the eight main rivers of the Higaonon’s ‘Ancestral Domain’. These clans are divided into the warrior and peaceful clans. However, both clans now exist in peace with one another. They follow a Datuship system of government, in which each Datu (generally an elder) is trained in distinct areas of expertise, e.g. in education or spirituality. However, the Datu always leads as an administrator, and never as a ruler. Social and Cultural Customary Laws and Sacred Teachings of the Higaonon The social and cultural dynamics of the Higaonon tribal people are governed by the customary laws of Bunkatol Ha Bulawan Daw Nang Ka Tasa ha Lana, which means ‘treasured unity’ or code of conduct. It is a sacred bond that unites the entire Higaonon people, who share a common root language, history and culture (Jong, 2010). These sacred teachings include; Don't go against the law Don't disobey the sacred orders Don't be an egotistic or self-centred person Don't compare yourself to others Don't be envious of others Asking and Giving is the greatest gift of Creation Love one another Live in Peace Equality among Men Listen to everyone Religious Teaching In The Higaonon Tribe The Higaonon tribes are very spiritual and believe that every living thing has a spirit that guides or animates its behavior. The forest is viewed as the Higaonon people’s ‘church’, in which they believe that their ancestor’s spirits live in the mother trees, watching over the land. Prayer rituals a re offered to deities over sacrifices of blood, in which chickens and pigs are usually scarified to ‘the forest spirits’. Human sacrifice does not form a part of Higaonon tribal religion. Tribal burials consist of a ritual washing and cleansing of the corpse in which jewellery and face and body painting decorates the dead body to allow the spirits to identify the dead person in question. This is followed by the cremation of the body, in which the smoke and fire is believed to release the spirit of the deceased. The Higaonon tribe are also true peace loving people, and have been given the name ‘weavers of peace’ (The United Association of Higaonon Tribes, 2011) This is because their strive for peace is expressed in their traditional woven fabric, the Hinabol. The

Educational Web Portal's Use in the Study of Environmental Sciences Essay

Educational Web Portal's Use in the Study of Environmental Sciences - Essay Example While environmental science has gained a lot of attention of people in general and the educationalists in particular in the advanced economies, it remains a relatively neglected area of education in the third world countries primarily because there are several issues of much greater importance like poverty, hunger, violence, and terrorism that need to be solved before the people can pay attention towards the environment. Reduced emphasis of the government and the people in power on environmental sciences as an area of research and education restrains people’s access to the potential sources of information related to environmental sciences in the third world countries. In such circumstances, there is dire need of an online network that encapsulates all the required information about environmental sciences and one that is constantly upgraded and updated to make the latest findings and knowledge generated from the ongoing research and surveys in the advanced countries accessible to the interested learners in the third world countries. An educational web portal is a very effective tool to inculcate knowledge about the environmental science. People can connect with one another to form a learning community using the educational web portals. ... Educational web portals host research, lesson plans, and online course work, provides parents with a means to access the grades, monitor student outcomes, and satisfy the reporting standards established by the state. Educational web portals develop a common gateway to all the services and data that people need to share knowledge and jointly work on the environmental science projects. Educational web portals can be developed using such basic technologies as Windows Server and Microsoft Office SharePoint Server. Rapid availability of these technologies and expertise in their use extends the investment’s value in the Microsoft technologies. Educational web portals help the people achieve different kinds of goals and tasks that include but are not limited to the development of online communities for collaboration among the learners, administrators and the subject experts. â€Å"Portals, when properly designed, increase both effectiveness and efficiency of an institution†¦[an d] can be used as an effective communication tool† (Popovic et al., 2005, p. 322). People can use the educational web portals to improve the sharing of best practices in the industry among the members of the community. Users of the educational web portals can access the institution’s resources whenever required. The online document libraries available on the educational web portals are constantly updated with latest research findings and important documents like conference proceedings. When educational web portals are implemented in schools, it provides several kinds of services including lunch ordering, and online class registration. Educational web portals use dashboards to display updated performance data of the students. Students can share information with the community members, school

Critically discuss the role of women in Luke-Acts Essay

Critically discuss the role of women in Luke-Acts - Essay Example Conversely, the interpretation of Luke’s Gospel has often been viewed as highlighting the passive and silent role of women, thereby supporting the importance of the male leaders (Seim, 1994, p.173). This debate has further led to the argument that whilst women may be seen as â€Å"prophets† in the private domain, the symbolic role of this representation simply serves to highlight the public prophetic role of men (Levine & Blickenstaff, 2004, p.67). The biblical criticism in this area is additionally fuelled by the fact that notwithstanding the express role of women in the Luke Gospel, there is clearly a dichotomy between the Luke Gospel and the Acts. Indeed, Seim highlights that whilst women are clearly visible within the content of the Gospel their role is negligible and effectively silenced in the Acts (Seim, 1994, p.173). The focus of this analysis is to critically evaluate the role of women in the Luke Acts. In doing so I shall adopt a contextual approach with reference to feminist theology and the appurtenant feminist issues raised by the Luke Acts. As an initial observation it is important to highlight that Luke’s Gospel comprises part of the Canon of the New Testament and was selected on grounds of its theological emphasis correlating with the other books of the New Testament, particularly the Synoptic gospels (D’Angelo, 1990, p.442). Additionally, Luke’s Gospel is widely recognised as part of a two piece work in conjunction with the Book of Acts (Reid, 1996, p.95). In contrast to the other Gospels, Luke is most notable for according an overt and prominent role to women as they are main characters in the birth, infancy narratives and the resurrection appearances, which is unique to Luke (Corley, 1993: 15). Furthermore, Luke makes reference to 13 women that are not mentioned in the other Gospels (Corley, 1993: 25). However, the significance attached to the representation of women in Luke is somewhat undermined by Seim’s emphasis on the

Critical Thinking and Ethics Essay Example for Free

Critical Thinking and Ethics Essay Critical thinking is logical decision making. Critical thinker’s decisions are only based on facts and logical thinking. For a skilled critical thinker, decisions are made once the information is clear and concise, as well as being open to alternative end results that are also based off of facts and possible collaboration. For most, being a skilled critical thinker, is learned as we mature and are exposed to more situations where thinking is the only way to find a conclusion. Ethics Ethics are the beliefs of a society and individuals of what is right and wrong. Most people use ethics as a means to direct the choices they make in life as well as the way they treat others during interactions. Ethics are derived from many different places, your parents and close family member in regards to how you were raised, your religious community or lack of religion and the people that you surround yourself with. Ethics can also be described as how you feel, when faced with a choice, this is called your moral judgment. Why we need ethical decision making For many people, you are not solely a critical thinker or an ethical thinker. Most people will listen to their moral judgment as well as review facts before coming to a conclusion. The reason this is so important for society is because not all logical conclusions are ethical. For example, it is law that you may not break into a strangers car, however if you see a baby inside on a hot day, most people would feel that it would be ethically wrong to just walk away while said baby suffers and possible dies. This is an example of a logical decision, do not break into a car, is not always an ethical decision, save a baby’s life. Conclusion Not all facts and reasoning can negate an ethical choice. Sometime, what is logically correct is wrong in the face of someone’s morality. This is why  ethical decision making is important in critical thinking, because sometimes, although a choice may not be critically correct, the ends could save others from pain and heartache, and that is where it becomes an ethically sound choice. References Manias, N Monroe, D Till, J.E. (2013) Ethics Applied Ruggiero, V.R. (2015). Thinking Critically about Ethical Issues. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.

Succinate Dehydrogenase Enzyme In Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Biology Essay

Succinate Dehydrogenase Enzyme In Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Biology Essay Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is an enzyme found in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which makes it an easy target to isolate when studying the citric acid cycle. This enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the oxidation of succinate into fumarate and can be used as a marker enzyme during the isolation of mitochondria through differential centrifugation. The isolated mitochondria can be treated with a sodium azide reagent to inhibit the mitochondrion transport of electron in the cell extract. To measure the activity of the enzyme, an artificial electron acceptor (2, 6-dichlorophenolindphenol, DCIP) is used to accept two electrons. Upon receiving electrons, the oxidized DCIP is reduced and the color of the mixture changes from blue to colorless. Spectrophotometry at the 600nm range can then be used to quantify this color change, and give an indication of the mitochondrial content of a given sample. As the The findings show that the experiment mimics Michaelis-Menten kinetic properties Enzymes are regulators of metabolic pathways that lower the activation energy in order to catalyze the acceleration of biochemical reactions [1]. Most enzymes are characterized as showing Michaelis-Menten (M-M) kinetic properties. Simply, enzymes work by binding its substrate reversibly changing its conformation to form an enzyme-substrate complex, and then detach to form free enzyme and product. If there is low substrate concentration, there will be very little enzyme activity and the rate of the reaction will slow down. If there is high substrate concentration, the enzyme will be more active and the reaction will be faster. At a certain point, if the substrate concentration is saturated, the rate of the reaction will not increase [1]. Along with the substrate concentration, these dynamics can be characterized as the M-M constant (Km) and maximum velocity (Vmax). These factors determine the initial velocity of the biochemical reaction and contribute to the understanding of the M-M e quation (in fig.1) However, when a competitive inhibitor is present, the inhibitor can bind to the active site to prevent the normal substrate from binding and forming the product. Thus, both the inhibitor and substrate compete for the active site of the enzyme, which based on the M-M equation, allows the Vmax to stays constant and the Km to change [2]. In the experiment, we will examine activity of SDH, an important component of the citric acid cycle that is responsible for catalyzing the oxidation of succinate to fumarate in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. The enzymatic activity will be determined by mitochondria fractionation from isolated cells of cauliflower by the technique of differential centrifugation. Also, we will determine the effects of enzyme concentration and competitive inhibition on the initial velocity of the reaction by adding the malonate, a classic competitive inhibitor. We will measure the reaction by blocking the electron transport with sodium azide and monitoring the reduction of the DCIP that can be followed by the change in spectrophotometry absorbance reading at 600 nm over time Since the oxidized form of the dye is blue and the reduced form is colorless, the reaction can be reestablished based on the experiment (in fig.2),. Thus, we hypothesize that the reaction will follow M-M kinetics as the abs orbance will decrease when the malonate is added Methods In isolating mitochondria, we removed with a scalpel 20 g of cauliflower from the outer 2-3 mm surface. Then, we grinded the tissue with a pestle in a chilled mortar in 40 ml of ice-cold mannitol grinding buffer for 4 min. We filtered the suspension and squeeze the solution out through four layers of cheesecloth into three chilled 15 ml centrifuge tube. Then, we centrifuged the filtrate solution at 1000 x gravity for 10 min and decanted the supernatant into a chilled 50 ml centrifuge tube. After, we re-spun the filtrate solution at 10,000 x gravity for 30 min at 0-4 °C and discarded the supernatant in the sink leaving the pellet. Then, we added 7.0 ml of icecold mannitol assay buffer to the mitochondrial pellet and scraped and mixed the mitochondrial pellet from the wall of the centrifuge tube with a spatula and vortex thoroughly to re-suspend the pellet in the assay buffer. Until needed, we transferred the mitochondrial suspension to a test tube and stored it in an ice bath. In measuring the activity of SDH, we label 10 test tubes or cuvettes as shown in table 1. We heated 0.6 ml of the ice cold mitochondria suspension in a boiling water for 5 min and placed it in an ice bath to cool. Then, we added correct volumes of azide, DCIP, malonate, and succinate to all labeled test tubes indicated in the table, covered them with Parafilm and inverted to blend the solutions. After, we add specific volume of the mitochondrial suspension to blanks 1-4 and tubes 1-4. Using a spectrophotometer set at 600nm, we blanked and took the absorbance of tubes 1-4 every two minutes until 20 minutes after the first reading. Then, we repeated again by taking the absorbance using only test tubes 5-7 for every two minutes. Results The spectrophotometer results we obtained are presented in Table 2, and shown graphically in Figure 3-7. In Table 2, the first 4 test tubes and blanks we were only able to take 3 readings and the test tubes 5-7, we were able to take 4 readings. The greatest absorbance reading was obtained for test tube 4 at 2.363 abs., which is because malonate, the competitor inhibitor, is present along with the substrate, succinate. In Tube 6, one of the lowest absorbance readings because it is a negative control and does not have any cellular suspension. This is shown experimentally when the reaction mixture will remain the color blue because with the succinate there is no reaction between the marker enzyme and the DCIP. In Table 3, we calculated the change in absorbance from tube 1-4 for every 2 minutes. We also calculated the initial velocity by dividing the change in absorbance by the elapsed time. In Figure 3, the graph shows the initial velocity depends on the enzyme concentration. When the e nzyme concentration is high, it start to rapidly decrease the initial velocity because the ratio of substrate to enzyme will be abnormally low, which will decrease the formation of product. In Figure 4, the graph represent the data in Table 2, where the initial velocity measured by elapsed time. The second highest reading was found for Tube 2 (0.987), which was also in concordance with the class results. This sample contained the heaviest constituents of the cell (mostly nuclei), as well as any unbroken whole cells that may have remained after the mechanical grinding and initial centrifugation at 600x. We found Tube 8 to have the third highest absorbance reading (0.626) and Tube 4 with the lowest (0.483). However, the sample from Tube 8 should have had a lower absorbance value than Tube 4, as was seen in the average class results displayed in Table 1. Tube 8 should contain the majority of the mitochondria (as well as some lysosomes), and Tube 4 should have any residual mitochondria and smaller organelles that did not remain in the pellet after the 12,000x centrifugation. Discussion There are a number of reasons why our findings did not match up with the expected results. Although improbable, it is possible that the 12,000x centrifugation for 30 minutes was not properly carried out, perhaps because the samples were not maintained at a consistent temperature of 0-40C. It is more likely that the re-suspension of the pellet (Tube C) with the mannitol assay buffer was not performed effectively. The pellet clumps may not have been properly dispersed, and so even though more mitochondria may have been present in Tube 8 (as they should have been), they were not free to interact with the other reagents in solution. A third reason may be that too much DCIP was added to Tube 8 (relative to Tube 4), and so there was an excess of the blue DCIP reagent in that sample (and hence a higher absorbance reading due to a lower degree of color loss). Differential centrifugation, when done correctly, is a reasonably effective method for mitochondrial isolation, although separation is achieved based only on size differences of the cell components. When dealing with small organelles, a more appropriate method to use may be sucrose gradient centrifugation, which allows for separation based on size as well as shape, especially when dealing with crude cellular extracts such as cauliflower. Cited Resources Nelson, D.L., Cox, M.M. (2007) Lehninger: Principles of Biochemistry, Fifth Edition, Freeman, New York, NY Gilbert, H.F. (2000) Basic Concepts in Biochemistry, Second Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, NY Figure 1 Figure 2 SDH-FADH2 + DCIP(blue) > SDH-FAD + DCIP (colorless) + 2H+ Table 1 Cuvette Assay Medium Azide DCIP Malonate Succinate Mitochondrial Suspension Blank 1 3.7 mL 0.5 mL - 0.5 mL 0.3 mL 1 3.2 mL 0.5 mL 0.5 mL - 0.5 mL 0.3 mL Blank 2 3.1 mL 0.5 mL - - 0.5 mL 0.9 mL 2 2.6 mL 0.5 mL 0.5 mL - 0.5 mL 0.9 mL Blank 3 3.4 mL 0.5 mL - 0.5 mL 0.6 mL 3 2.9 mL 0.5 mL 0.5 mL 0.5 mL 0.6 mL 4 2.7 mL 0.5 mL 0.5 mL 0.2 mL 0.5 mL 0.6 mL 5 3.4 mL - 0.5 mL 0.5 mL 0.6 mL 6 3.4 mL 0.5 mL 0.5 mL 0.6 mL 7 2.9 mL 0.5 mL 0.5 mL 0.5 mL 0.6 mL Table 2 Trial 1 Trail 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Blank 1 0.04 0.003 0.006 0.008 1 1.10 1.16 1.158 1.112 Blank 2 0.03 0.001 0.004 0.003 2 0.64 0.644 0.648 0.645 Blank 3 0.06 0.002 0.008 0.005 3 0.56 0.06 0.670 0.682 4 2.36 1.85 2.221 2.223 5 0.83 0.73 0.723 0.720 6 0.76 0.73 0.734 0.725 7 0.78 0.72 0.704 0.705 Table 3 Time (min:sec) Tubes 1-4 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Abs (nm) Initial Velocity (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Abs/min) Time (min:sec) Tubes 5-7 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Abs (nm) Initial Velocity (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Abs/min) 11:10 -.5505 -.0500 9:10 .1057 .0117 13:10 -.0008 -.00062 11:10 .032 .0029 15:10 .4989 .03326 13:10 .0617 .0047 17:10 .5062 .0298 15:10 .1161 .00774 19:10 -.0533 -.0028 17:10 .0338 .00199 21:20 -.0043 -.0002 19:10 .0784 .0041 23:10 -.1095 -.0048 21:10 .1195 .0057 25:10 .142 .00568 23:10 .0428 .0019 - 25:10 .0781 .0031 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7